本文作者/The Authors：
安德里亚・亚迪・内梅特 Dr. Andrea Jádi Németh
阿德里安娜・马泰什 Dr. Adrienne Mátés
巴拉兹・科瓦奇 Dr. Balázs Kovács
安娜・布扎什 Dr. Anna Buzás
本文译者/The Translator：
仝寅石 Tong Yinshi
一、前言Foreword
匈牙利是首个与中国达成“一带一路”倡议战略合作关系的欧洲国家，匈牙利地处欧洲心脏地带，是连接西欧与巴尔干、中东的天然桥梁，同时作为欧盟和申根区双重成员国，凭借欧盟身份、低税高地、产业集群、物流枢纽的组合优势，成为中企开拓欧洲市场的理想起点。匈牙利劳动力市场呈现“技能型人才充足、蓝领短缺”特点，制造业、新能源等领域用工缺口大，但其劳动法以欧盟法律为基础，形成了以严格保护劳动者权益和高合规要求为核心的体系。
Hungary is the first European country to reach a strategic cooperation partnership with China under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Located in the heart of Europe, Hungary serves as a natural bridge connecting Western Europe with the Balkans and the Middle East. As a dual member of the European Union (EU) and the Schengen Area, it has become an ideal starting point for Chinese enterprises to expand into the European market, leveraging its combined advantages of EU membership, low-tax environment, industrial clusters, and logistics hub. Hungary's labour market is characterized by "abundant skilled talent but a shortage of blue-collar workers," with significant workforce gaps in sectors such as manufacturing and new energy. However, its labour laws, based on EU legislation, form a system centered on strict protection of labour rights and high compliance requirements.
在《匈牙利劳动法概览》中，实务经验丰富的Andrea Jádi Németh律师与Adrienne Mátés律师等人，从匈牙利劳动立法传统与司法实践出发，系统化剖析了匈牙利劳动法体系，同时立足个人与集体、就业与权益保障，为中资企业赴匈牙利过程中制度衔接与合规构建问题提供实战指引。
In the Overview of Hungarian Labour Law, experienced practitioners such as Dr. Andrea Jádi Németh and Dr. Adrienne Mátés systematically analyze Hungary's labour law system from the perspectives of its labour legislative traditions and judicial practices. Focusing on the balance between individual and collective rights, as well as employment and rights protection, they provide practical guidance for Chinese enterprises on institutional alignment and compliance construction during their operations in Hungary.
（下文为《匈牙利劳动法概览》节选内容之下半部分，完整版详见《一带一路沿线国家劳动法律环境报告》之匈牙利篇）
(The following content is excerpted from the Hungary Labour Law Overview - Part B. For the full version, please refer to the Hungary Chapter in the Invitation to Contribute to The Labour Law Environment Report of the " Belt and Road" Countries.)
二、数据处理原则Data Processing Principles
在处理员工个人数据时，《通用数据保护条例》（GDPR）中规定的规则起主要规范作用。在匈牙利，除《通用数据保护条例》外，《匈牙利劳动法》（HLC）以及《信息自决权与信息自由法》（2011 年第 CXII 号法案，以下简称 “《信息法》”）在雇佣关系框架内确立了数据保护原则。
When processing employees' personal data, the rules set out in the GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) are primarily applicable. In Hungary, alongside the GDPR, the HLC and the Act on the Right to Informational Self-Determination and Freedom of Information (Act CXII of 2011, hereinafter the "Information Act") establish the principles of data protection within the framework of the employment relationship.
数据处理的关键原则是目的限制：数据收集和处理的目的必须事先明确界定，并且只能处理与该特定目的相关的必要数据。在雇佣关系中，只有在建立、维持或终止雇佣关系有需要时，才可以使用员工个人数据。任何与这些目的无关的数据处理都需要有单独且明确界定的目标，并且必须事先告知员工。
The key principle of data processing is purpose limitation: the purpose of data collection and handling must be clearly defined in advance, and only data necessary for that specific purpose may be processed. In the employment context, personal data may only be used if it is required to establish, maintain, or terminate the employment relationship. Any processing of data unrelated to these purposes requires a separate, clearly defined objective, and employees must be informed in advance.
另一个基本原则是必要性和相称性（数据最小化）。这在工作场所监控方面尤为重要，工作场所监控必须事先有正当理由，监控范围和持续时间要受到限制，并且要使用适当的工具进行。对个人数据的访问必须仅限于获得授权的人员，并且只能用于规定的目的。
Another fundamental principle is necessity and proportionality (data minimization). This is especially important in the context of workplace monitoring, which must be justified in advance, limited in scope and duration, and conducted using appropriate tools. Access to personal data must be restricted to authorized individuals and solely for the stated purpose.
因此，工作场所监控必须严格与工作相关事项有关，员工的私人生活不得受到监视。
Accordingly, workplace monitoring may only relate strictly to work-related matters, and employees’ private lives must not be subjected to surveillance.
三、外国公司的雇佣规则Employment Rules for Foreign Companies
当外国雇主根据与注册地在匈牙利的第三方签订的服务协议，或通过公司内部调动到属于同一公司集团的匈牙利子公司或分支机构时，则必须适用匈牙利劳动法的核心标准，而不论外派员工的原属国法律如何。这些标准包括例如最长工作时间和最短休息时间的规定、带薪年假的最低天数，以及工作地适用的工资水平。
When a foreign employer posts an employee to Hungary for a definite period either under a service agreement with a third party residing in Hungary or via intra corporate transfer to a Hungarian subsidiary or branch office belonging to the same corporate group, core standards of Hungarian labour law must be applied. Irrespective of the law of the outbound country. These include e.g., the rules of maximum working time and minimum rest periods, the minimum amount of paid annual leave, and the applicable wage levels at the place of work.
对于被派往匈牙利的员工，诸如职业安全规定、对孕妇、青年工人以及有年幼子女的员工的特殊条件等关键保护措施同样适用。
Key protections such as occupational safety regulations, special conditions for pregnant women, young workers, and employees with small children shall also be applied in case of a worker posted to Hungary.
上述规则统一适用于所有被派往匈牙利的员工，无论派出雇主位于欧盟成员国还是欧盟境外。
The above rules are applied uniformly to all workers posted to Hungary, regardless of whether the sending employer is based in an EU member state or outside the EU.
四、集体关系Collective Relations
根据《匈牙利劳动法》（HLC）的相关规定，任何以促进和保护其成员与就业相关利益为主要目的的员工组织均符合工会的定义。若工会的成立文件规定其在特定雇主处设有代表机构或任命了代表人员，则该工会被视为具有代表性。《匈牙利劳动法》规定的权利可由具有代表性的工会行使。工会之间也可结成联盟，以进一步加强其代表性和保护作用。
Under the applicable provisions of the HLC, any organization of employees whose primary purpose is to promote and protect the employment-related interests of its members qualifies as a trade union. A trade union is considered representative if, according to its founding document, it operates a representative body or appoints a representative person at a specific employer. The rights stipulated under the HLC may be exercised by representative trade unions. Trade unions may also form alliances among themselves to further strengthen their representative and protective roles.
法律赋予工会若干维护员工权益的特殊权利，包括：获取信息权、协商权、在与雇主就员工社会及经济状况、工作和生活条件相关的就业问题中代表员工与雇主进行法律交涉的权利，以及在法院、行政机关和其他官方程序中的代理权利。
Trade unions are vested by law with several special rights for the employees, which include right to obtain information, right to consultation, right to legal representation in employment related issues vis-á-vis the employer pertaining to employees’ social, monetary circumstances, regarding living and working conditions, and also in actual court, authority and other official proceedings.
一些被指定的工会与协会（即联盟工会、匈牙利全国工会协会和全国工人委员会协会）是常设企业/劳工协商论坛的成员。该论坛是政府层面的主要咨询机构，其职责包括确认政府与雇主和雇员组织代表就官方最低工资达成的协议。
Designated associations of trade unions, i.e., Ligue Trade Unions, National Association of Hungarian Trade Unions, and the National Association of Workers’ Councils, are members of the permanent business/government consultation forum that is the main advisory body on the government level which inter alia confirms the agreement between the government and the representatives of employers’ and employees’ organizations on the official minimum wage.
作者简介/About the Authors
安德里亚・亚迪・内梅特律师 Dr. Andrea Jádi Németh
安德里亚・亚迪・内梅特律师，哈佛大学LL.M.学位，事务所管理合伙人，在并购、竞争法、公司重组、房地产、劳动与就业法以及争议解决等事务的咨询方面拥有丰富经验。她是一名合格的执业律师，拥有匈牙利和美国纽约州的律师执业许可。
她是多个国际组织（如纽约州律师协会、美国律师协会、国际律师协会）的活跃成员，经常在国内外会议上发表演讲，并担任匈牙利哈佛俱乐部主席。目前，安德里亚是纽约州律师协会派往联合国国际贸易法委员会第三工作组（UNCITRAL Working Group III）的常驻代表，该工作组负责改革国际投资者与国家间争议解决体系。
Dr. Andrea Jádi Németh, LL.M. (Harvard) is the firm’s Managing Partner and has a broad experience in advising on M&A, Competition, Corporate Restructuring, Real Estate, Employment and Labour Law and Dispute Resolution matters. She is a qualified attorney at law with licenses to practice law both in Hungary and in the State of New York, USA.
She is an active member of several international organizations (NYSBA, ABA, IBA), a frequent speaker at national and international conferences, and serves as President of the Harvard Club of Hungary. At present, Andrea is a frequent official delegate of the New York State Bar Association to the UNCITRAL Working Group III. of the United Nations that is mandated to reform the international investor state dispute resolution system.
阿德里安娜・马泰什律师 Dr. Adrienne Mátés
阿德里安娜・马泰什律师在多个法律领域为客户提供代理服务，其主要专业领域为民事和商业法。阿德里安娜在公司法、房地产法和就业法方面拥有超过 20 年的经验。她为跨国客户提供制药和医疗器械法领域的咨询服务，同时也是由多家欧洲顶尖律师事务所组成的欧洲生命科学业务小组（European Life Sciences Practice Group）的成员。
在公共事务方面，她担任布达佩斯律师协会和匈牙利律师协会的当选官员，同时也是匈牙利女律师协会的秘书长。
Dr. Adrienne Mátés provides representation in various legal sectors, her main expertise lies in civil and business law. Adrienne has more than two decades of experience in corporate, real estate and employment law.She advises multinational clients in the areas of pharmaceutical and medical devices law, she is also a member of the European Life Sciences Practice Group, consisting of several top European law firms.
As part of her active public role, she is an elected officer at the Budapest Bar Association and the Hungarian Bar Association, and the Secretary General of the Hungarian Women Lawyers’ Association.
巴拉兹・科瓦奇律师 Dr.Balázs Kovács
巴拉兹・科瓦奇律师是 bpv JÁDI NÉMETH 律师事务所的合伙人。他在为国内外客户提供房地产、竞争法、就业法、公司法和商业法领域的交易及监管问题咨询方面拥有丰富经验。
除了为零售公司的房地产开发和租赁事务提供支持外，巴拉兹还为各类客户代理与损害赔偿和担保问题相关的诉讼，并在公共行政程序中为客户提供代理服务。
Dr. Balázs Kovács is partner at bpv JÁDI NÉMETH Attorneys at Law. He has extensive experience in advising domestic and foreign clients on transactional and regulatory issues primarily in the field of real estate, competition, employment, corporate and commercial law.
Besides supporting retail companies in real estate development and lease matters, Balázs also advised various clients in litigations related to damage claims and warranty issues and represented them in public administration procedures.
安娜・布扎什律师 Dr. Anna Buzás
安娜・布扎什律师是 bpv JÁDI NÉMETH 律师事务所的合伙人。她在公司法、收购以及民法领域拥有跨多个行业的丰富经验，尤其在为国内外客户提供劳动与就业事务、商业事务及争议解决事务的咨询方面经验丰富。
在加入本事务所之前，安娜也曾在多家具有国际背景的律所工作，这使她在民事和商业法领域积累了丰富经验。她还曾在德勤（Deloitte）担任法律顾问。
Dr. Anna Buzás is partner at bpv JÁDI NÉMETH Attorneys at Law. She has extensive corporate, acquisition, and civil law experience from a wide range of industry segments and extensive experience in advising local and international clients mainly on labour and employment matters, commercial affairs, and dispute resolution matters.
Before joining our office, Anna also worked in several offices with an international background, thanks to which she gained significant experience especially in the field of civil and commercial law. She also worked as Legal Consultant at Deloitte.
仝寅石 Tong Yinshi
仝寅石实习律师具备工学与法学的双重背景，硕士毕业于上海财经大学法律硕士专业。曾协助主办律师处理多起劳动争议案件，并为多家知名企业提供法律咨询服务，擅长劳动关系协调，员工信息合规等领域。工作语言为中文和英文。
Tong Yinshi has a dual background in engineering and law, graduating with a Master of Laws from Shanghai University of Finance and Economics. He has assisted lead lawyers in handling multiple labour dispute cases and provided legal consulting services to several well-known enterprises, specializing in labour relations coordination, employee information compliance, and other fields. The working languages are Chinese and English.
