本文作者/The Authors：
瓦索克 · 赫姆
Vansok Khem
拉克萨 · 陈
Raksa Chan
查克尼纳特
Chaknineath Chhim
本文译者/The Translator：
段修平 Duan Xiuping
一、前言 Foreword
作为“一带一路”倡议在东南亚的重要节点国家，柬埔寨凭借其快速发展的制造业、不断增长的基础设施建设以及区域战略位置，吸引了大量中资企业的投资。然而，在这片充满活力的市场中，劳动用工法律环境既具独特性，也暗藏挑战——从外籍员工用工审批到劳动合同管理，从社会保险义务到劳动争议解决，每一个环节都考验着企业的合规能力。
As a key Southeast Asian partner in China's Belt and Road Initiative, Cambodia has emerged as an attractive destination for Chinese investors with its rapidly expanding manufacturing sector, growing infrastructure development, and strategic regional positioning. Yet beneath this dynamism lies a distinct labor law framework that poses compliance challenges—from foreign employee approvals to employment contract management, from social security obligations to labor dispute resolution, every step requires careful navigation.
来自DFDL律师事务所的 Vansok Khem、Raksa Chan与 Chaknineath Chhim 专业律师，结合多年实务经验，系统梳理了柬埔寨劳动法律制度的重点内容。他们的专业领域涵盖公司法、劳动与移民合规、社会保障及工会关系，既有资本市场与跨境投资的宏观视角，也有工厂劳资关系与争议解决的实务经验。这些经验为中资企业提供了一把“合规指南针”，帮助企业在柬埔寨复杂多元的劳动环境中稳健前行。
Professional Cambodia lawyers including Vansok Khem, Raksa Chan, and Chaknineath Chhim of DFDL draw on extensive practical experience to outline Cambodia's labor legal landscape. Their expertise spans corporate law, labor and immigration compliance, social security, and industrial relations—combining macro perspectives from capital markets and cross-border investments with hands-on experience in labor disputes and workplace compliance. These insights act as a "compliance compass" for Chinese enterprises, enabling them to navigate Cambodia’s complex and evolving labor environment with confidence.
（下文为《柬埔寨劳动法概览》节选内容之下半部分，完整版详见《一带一路沿线国家劳动法律环境报告》之柬埔寨篇）
(The following content is excerpted from Cambodian Labor Law Overview - Part B. For the full version, refer to the Cambodia Chapter in Invitation to Contribute to The Labor Law Environment Report of the "Belt and Road" Countries.)
二、外国雇员用工 Foreign National Employees
在柬埔寨工作的外国人须取得劳工与职业培训部（MLVT）签发的工作许可证，雇主需协助申请并遵守年度续签制度。外籍雇员必须受雇于已注册企业，并在10%的外籍雇员配额内（3%行政、6%技术、1%非技术）。如因缺乏本地劳动力，雇主可申请额外配额。外籍人士还须持E类签证入境并延长为EB签证，不同签证类型对应单次或多次入境。自2020年起，未在“外国人在线登记系统”（FPCS）登记的外籍人员不得延签。违反配额或许可规定的雇主将面临罚款。
Foreigners working in Cambodia must obtain a work permit from the Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training (MLVT), with employers assisting in the annual renewal process. Expatriate employees must be engaged by a registered enterprise and fall within the 10% quota for foreign staff (3% administrative, 6% skilled, 1% unskilled). Employers may request additional quota if local hires are unavailable. Foreign nationals must also hold an E-class visa and extend it to an EB visa for longer stays, with entry privileges depending on visa duration. Since 2020, visa extensions are denied to those not registered in the "Foreigners Present in Cambodia System" (FPCS). Employers hiring without proper quota or permits may face fines.
三、员工代表与工会 Employee Representatives and Trade Unions
拥有八名以上雇员的企业须选举员工代表，并参与内部规章制定及裁员协商。员工代表受法律保护，解雇须经劳动监察员批准。工会可由至少十名雇员成立，进一步可组成联盟或联合会，注册后享有法律人格并可进行集体谈判。多工会并存时，代表性最强的工会有权独家签署集体合同。集体合同必须较法律规定更有利于员工，并需报MLVT登记。工会自由受法律保障，雇主不得干涉员工入会权。
Enterprises with at least eight employees must elect shop stewards, who participate in approving internal regulations and redundancy measures. They enjoy dismissal protection requiring labor inspector approval. Trade unions can be established by a minimum of ten employees, and may form federations or confederations; once registered, they gain legal personality and collective bargaining rights. Where multiple unions exist, only the most representative union may negotiate collective agreements, which must provide terms more favorable than statutory minimums and be registered with the MLVT. Freedom of association is guaranteed, and employers cannot interfere with union membership.
四、劳动合同解除 Termination of Employment Contracts
固定期限合同（FDC）到期自然终止，提前解除须经双方合意、不可抗力或雇员严重违纪。到期或不续签须提前书面通知，否则可能转为无固定期限合同（UDC）。无固定期限合同可因正当理由（能力不足、经营需要、不可抗力、严重违纪）或无理由终止，但须遵守法定提前通知期（7日至3个月不等，视工龄而定）并支付未休年假、资历补偿等。集体裁员须与员工代表或工会协商，并报MLVT备案，被裁员工享有两年内优先回聘权。双方亦可通过“协商解约”终止劳动关系。部分员工如工会干部、员工代表、孕期及产假女职工享有特别解雇保护，雇主须事先取得MLVT批准，否则解雇无效。
Fixed Duration Contracts (FDCs) expire at term, with early termination permitted only by mutual consent, force majeure, or employee serious misconduct. Employers must give advance written notice for expiry or non-renewal; otherwise, the contract may convert into an Undetermined Duration Contract (UDC). UDCs may be ended for valid reasons (incompetence, operational needs, force majeure, misconduct) or without cause, subject to statutory notice periods (7 days to 3 months depending on service length) and entitlements such as unused leave and seniority pay. Collective layoffs require consultation with employee representatives and MLVT notification, with laid-off workers enjoying two years'rehire priority. Mutual separation is permitted. Special protections apply to shop stewards, union leaders, and pregnant or postnatal women, whose dismissal requires prior MLVT approval.
作者简介/About the Authors
瓦索克 · 赫姆 Vansok Khem
Vansok是合伙人及公司与商业实践负责人。她专长于公司法、信托法和证券法。她的业务主要涵盖公司结构设计、资本市场、并购及投资基金。
加入DFDL柬埔寨后，Vansok成功管理了多个在中国、香港和新加坡上市的IPO项目，并在金融机构领域完成了大量并购交易。此外，她在电信、制药、医疗保健和游戏等行业也积累了丰富的经验。
Vansok拥有柬埔寨皇家法律与经济大学的学士学位、日本神户大学的劳动法法学硕士（L.L.M.）学位和英国伦敦大学学院的国际金融法法学硕士（L.L.M.）学位。
Vansok在2022年被IFLR1000评为银行、金融和资本市场领域的市场领导者，并在2023年被Asialaw评为新星。
Vansok is a Partner and Head of Corporate & Commercial Practice. She specializes in corporate law, trust law and securities law. Her practice primarily covers corporate structuring, capital markets, mergers and acquisition and investment funds.
Since joining DFDL Cambodia, Vansok has managed a number of IPO projects that have successfully been listed in China, Hong Kong and Singapore and a broad range of M&A transactions in financial institutions. She also has extensive sector-specific experience in telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, healthcare and gaming.
Vansok holds a bachelor degree from the Royal University of Law and Economics of Cambodia, a master of laws (L.L.M.), Labor from Kobe University, Japan and a master of Laws (L.L.M.), International Financial Law, from University College of London, United Kingdom.
Vansok has been recognized as a Market Leader in banking and finance and capital markets by IFLR1000 in 2022 and a Rising Star by Asialaw 2023.
拉克萨 · 陈 Raksa Chan
拉克萨是位于金边的DFDL公司企业与商业实践小组的高级顾问。她为广泛的客户提供就业、劳工、移民和雇员隐私方面的咨询服务。此前，她曾支持并为柬埔寨仲裁委员会提供咨询，并加入国际劳工组织（ILO）在柬埔寨的“更好工厂”项目，专注于提升劳动标准和改善工作条件。
Raksa曾就众多劳动力重组情况提供咨询，代表客户处理工业纠纷，并在包括航空、食品和饮料、博彩、酒店、服装、纺织品和鞋类、大使馆、国际非政府组织和政府机构在内的广泛主要商业部门拥有丰富的工作经验。
Raksa是多个出版物的活跃撰稿人，包括《Freshfield Asia Employment Law》、《Law Review》、汤森路透新闻社、Ashurst Employment Handbook。
Raksa拥有布里斯托尔大学劳动法和公司治理（LLM）硕士学位，以及首尔跨国法律与商学院国际公法硕士学位。
Raksa is a Senior Consultant and a member of DFDL's Corporate and Commercial practice group based in Phnom Penh. She works with a broad range of clients on employment, labor, immigration and employee privacy matters. She previously worked supporting and advising the Arbitration Council and joined the ILO in Better Factories Cambodia where her work focused on social compliance and improving labor standards and conditions.
Raksa has advised on numerous workforce restructuring situations, represented clients in industrial disputes, and has extensive experience working in a broad range of major commercial sectors, including aviation, food and beverages, gaming, hospitality, garments, textiles and footwear, embassies, international non-governmental organization, and government agencies.
Raksa is an active contributor to various publications, including Freshfield Asia Employment Law, the Law Review, Thomson Reuters news agency, Ashurst Employment Handbook.
She holds a master's degree in Labor Law and Corporate Governance (LLM) from the University of Bristol and a master's degree in Public International Law from the Transnational Law and Business University in Seoul.
查克尼纳特 Chaknineath Chhim
查克尼纳特是DFDL公司和商业业务组的顾问和成员，总部设在金边。
提供公司和劳工咨询服务，协助客户处理各种事项，包括监管合规、许可、一般劳动法、劳动力重组和劳资关系。
拥有伦敦城市大学国际商法法学硕士学位，皇家法律与经济大学英语和高棉语法律学士学位，以及外语学院英语专业传播学士学位。
Chaknineath is a Consultant and a member of DFDL's Corporate and Commercial practice group based in Phnom Penh.
She provides corporate and labor advisory services, assisting clients with a wide range of matters, including regulatory compliance, licensing, general labor law, workforce restructuring, and industrial relations.
She holds an LL.M in International Commercial Law from City, University of London, Bachelor Degree in Law based in English and Khmer from Royal University of Law and Economics, and Bachelor of Arts, English for Professional Communication from Institute of Foreign Languages.
段修平 Duan Xiuping
段修平律师毕业于华东政法大学，获法学硕士学位。长期服务于大型建筑央企，深度参与业财一体化项目，积累了丰富的合规与风控经验。业务领域涵盖人力资源外包合规、劳动争议解决、涉税稽查应对等，专注于劳动、税务与企业合规管理的实务操作及争议处理。曾主导和参与多起劳动争议及合规项目，常年担任多家知名企事业单位的法律顾问，为企业提供专业、务实、全方位的法律服务与解决方案。
Duan Xiuping graduated from East China University of Political Science and Law with a Master of Laws degree. She has extensive experience serving large state-owned construction enterprises and has been deeply involved in enterprise financial-business integration projects, gaining solid expertise in compliance and risk management. Her practice areas include HR outsourcing compliance, labor dispute resolution, and tax inspection response, with a focus on labor, taxation, and corporate compliance. She has led and participated in numerous labor dispute cases and compliance projects, and has served as a long-term legal advisor for well-known enterprises and institutions, providing professional, pragmatic, and comprehensive legal services and solutions.
