本文作者/The Authors：
陈韩 Hanh Tran
陈明英 Minh Anh Tran
本文译者/The Translator：
徐御衡 Xu Yuheng
一、前言 Foreword
作为中国“一带一路”倡议在东南亚的关键节点，越南凭借其蓬勃的劳动力资源、联通海陆的区位优势，正日益成为中资企业海外布局的重要选择。然而，这片充满机遇的土地上，劳动用工法律体系的复杂性与合规风险往往成为企业“走出去”的隐形门槛——从外国公司雇佣规则到劳动纠纷解决，每一个环节都暗藏玄机。
As a pivotal node in Southeast Asia for China's Belt and Road Initiative, Vietnam, with its dynamic labor force and strategic location connecting maritime and overland routes, is increasingly becoming a preferred destination for Chinese enterprises in their global expansion. Yet beneath these opportunities lies a labyrinth of labor law complexities and compliance risks—an invisible threshold for enterprises venturing abroad. From foreign company employment rules to labor dispute resolution, from employee data protection to collective bargaining negotiations, every step carries hidden intricacies.
Hanh Tran律师与Minh Anh Tran律师合著的《越南劳动法概览》，融汇了二者在越南多年的执业精髓，为读者清晰勾勒出越南劳动法的完整图景。书中这些从真实场景中淬炼出的合规智慧，恰似为中资企业提供的“商业探路指南”，助其在越南市场的人才棋盘上精准落子。
Vietnam Labor Law Overview, co-authored by attorneys Hanh Tran and Minh Anh Tran, distills the essence of their years of professional practice in Vietnam, offering readers a clear and comprehensive framework of the country's labor regulations. The compliance strategies derived from real-world scenarios serve as a "commercial guidebook" for Chinese enterprises, enabling them to make well-informed moves on the chessboard of talent management in the Vietnamese market.
（下文为《越南劳动法概览》节选内容之上半部分，完整版详见《一带一路沿线国家劳动法律环境报告》之越南篇）
(The following content is excerpted from Vietnam Labor Law Overview - Part A. For the full version, refer to the Vietnam Chapter in Invitation to Contribute to The Labor Law Environment Report of the "Belt and Road" Countries.)
二、外国劳动者的用工规则 Employment Rules for Foreign Employees
（一）要求 Requirements
一般来说，用人单位在越南雇佣外国劳动者之前，必须事先获得民政部或内政部的书面批准。外国公民在越南工作必须持有省级劳动部门颁发的有效工作许可证，除非适用豁免。为了获得此类豁免，必须向省级内政部或民政部提交申请以获得确认。此外，在某些情况下，例如进入越南提供服务时间不足3个月的人员，或已获得越南执业证书的外国律师，无需内政部或民政部的确认，但仍需通知。雇佣没有工作许可证的外国公民的用人单位将面临罚款的法律制裁。在越南没有工作许可证工作的外国公民面临被驱逐出境和罚款的风险。
Generally, before hiring foreign employees to work in Vietnam, employers must obtain prior written approval from the MOHA or DOHA. Possessing a valid work permit issued by the provincial labor authorities is a compulsory condition for foreign citizens to work in Vietnam, except where an exemption applies. In order for such an exemption to apply, an application with the provincial DOHA or MOHA must still be filed for confirmation. Moreover, in some situations, such as those entering Vietnam for less than 3 months to offer services, or foreign lawyers who has been granted a practicing certificate in Vietnam, no confirmation from DOHA or MOHA is necessary, but notification is still required. Legal sanctions for the employer of a foreign citizen without a work permit include fines. A foreign citizen working in Vietnam without a work permit risks deportation and fines.
（二）用人单位和外国劳动者的责任 Responsibilities of Employers and Foreign Employees
除了满足在越南合法雇佣外国劳动者的条件外，用人单位和外国劳动者在参与这种法律关系时还必须遵守关于其责任的规定。《劳动法》第153条规定：
In addition to meeting the conditions for legalizing the employment of foreign workers in Vietnam, both employers and foreign workers must also comply with the regulations regarding their responsibilities when participating in this legal relationship. Article 153 of the Labor Code stipulates:
外国劳动者必须在国家主管部门要求时出示其工作许可证；Foreign workers must present their work permit when required by the competent state authority;
在越南没有工作许可证工作的外国劳动者将被要求离开该国或根据越南外国人入境、出境、过境和居住的规定被驱逐；Foreign workers who work in Vietnam without a work permit will be required to leave the country or be deported according to the regulations on entry, exit, transit, and residence of foreigners in Vietnam; and
雇佣没有工作许可证的外国劳动者的用人单位将受到处罚。Employers who hire foreign workers to work without a work permit will be subject to penalties.
（三）无需工作许可证的外国劳动者 Foreign Workers Not Subject to Work Permit Requirement
并非所有情况都要求外国劳动者在越南就业时获得工作许可证。根据《劳动法》第154条的具体情况，以下类型的外国劳动者无需获得工作许可证：
Not all cases require a work permit for foreign workers to be employed in Vietnam. In the specific cases under Article 154 of the Labor Code, the following types of foreign workers are not required to obtain a work permit:
担任国际组织或外国非政府组织在越南的代表处、项目负责人或活动负责人；Being the head of a representative office, project, or responsible for the activities of an international organization or foreign non-governmental organization in Vietnam;
进入越南提供服务少于3个月；Entering Vietnam for less than 3 months to offer services;
进入越南少于3个月，处理影响或可能影响生产或经营的复杂技术或工艺问题，而这些问题无法由越南专家或已在越南的其他外国专家解决；Entering Vietnam for less than 3 months to handle complex technical or technological issues that affect or pose a risk to production or business, which cannot be solved by Vietnamese experts or other foreign experts already in Vietnam;
根据《律师法》在越南获得律师执业许可证的外国律师；Being a foreign lawyer who has been granted a lawyer's practice license in Vietnam in accordance with the Law on Lawyers;
属于越南签署的国际协议范围内；Falling under international agreements to which Vietnam is a signatory;
与越南公民结婚并在越南居住的外国人；A foreigner married to a Vietnamese citizen and residing in Vietnam;
出资30亿越南盾以上的有限责任公司的所有人或出资人；Being the owner or a member contributing capital to a limited liability company with a capital contribution of 3 billion VND or more;
担任出资30亿越南盾以上的股份公司的董事长或董事会成员；Being the Chairman or a member of the Board of Directors of a joint-stock company with a capital contribution of 3 billion VND or more;
在越南对世界贸易组织承诺的11个服务部门范围内的公司内部调动，包括：商业、信息、建筑、分销、教育、环境、金融、医疗保健、旅游、娱乐和运输；Intra-company transfers within the scope of the 11 service sectors under Vietnam's commitments to the World Trade Organization, including: business, information, construction, distribution, education, environment, finance, healthcare, tourism, entertainment, and transportation;
根据越南当局与外国签署的官方发展援助（ODA）国际协议，进入越南提供专业知识和技术咨询，或执行与研究、建设、评估、监测、评估、管理和实施计划和项目有关的其他任务；Entering Vietnam to provide consultancy on expertise and techniques or to perform other tasks related to research, construction, appraisal, monitoring, evaluation, management, and implementation of programs and projects using Official Development Assistance (ODA) as specified in international agreements on ODA signed between Vietnamese authorities and foreign countries;
获得外交部许可，根据越南法律在越南从事信息和新闻活动；Obtaining a permit from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to operate in information and press activities in Vietnam as per Vietnamese law;
被外国当局或组织派往越南，在外国外交使团或政府间组织在越南设立的教育机构，或根据越南签署或参与的国际协议设立的机构中担任教师、管理人员、高管或董事职务的人员；Being sent by foreign authorities or organizations to Vietnam to teach or work as a manager, executive, or director in educational institutions established by foreign diplomatic missions or intergovernmental organizations in Vietnam, or institutions established under international agreements Vietnam has signed or is a party to;
经越南外国使团或国际组织确认，在越南自愿无偿工作以实施越南签署的国际协议的外国志愿者；Being a foreign volunteer working in Vietnam voluntarily and without compensation to implement international agreements to which Vietnam is a signatory, with confirmation from a foreign diplomatic mission or an international organization in Vietnam;
进入越南在管理、行政、专家或技术职位工作少于30天，且一年内不超过3次；Entering Vietnam to work in managerial, executive, expert, or technical positions for less than 30 days and no more than 3 times within a year;
进入越南执行中央或省级当局根据法律签署的国际协议；Entering Vietnam to implement international agreements signed by central or provincial authorities as per the law;
根据协议在越南组织、企业或政府机构实习的海外留学生；或在越南船舶上的实习生；Students studying abroad with agreements to intern in Vietnamese organizations, enterprises, or government agencies; or trainees on Vietnamese ships;
根据越南签署的国际协议，被允许在越南工作的外国外交使团工作人员的家庭成员；Family members of foreign diplomatic mission staff in Vietnam who are permitted to work in Vietnam according to international agreements to which Vietnam is a signatory;
持有外交护照并为国家机关、政治组织或社会政治组织工作的外国公民；Foreign nationals holding diplomatic passports and working for state agencies, political organizations, or socio-political organizations;
负责建立商业存在的个人；Individuals responsible for establishing a commercial presence; and
经教育部确认进入越南从事以下目的的外国劳动者：（a）教学、研究；和（b）在外国外交使团或政府间组织在越南设立的教育机构中担任经理、主管、校长或副校长。Foreign workers confirmed by the Ministry of Education and Training to enter Vietnam for the following purposes: (a) teaching, research; and (b) working as managers, executives, principals, or deputy principals at educational institutions established by foreign diplomatic missions or intergovernmental organizations in Vietnam.
（四）工作许可证 Work Permit
除了某些不需要工作许可证的有限情况（有时仍需要豁免证书或向劳动部门通知）外，每个外国劳动者都需要获得工作许可证才能在越南工作。外国公民进入越南工作时没有有效工作许可证或工作许可证豁免（如适用）可能会被罚款并驱逐出越南。根据工作许可证或工作许可证豁免的有效性，外国公民将获得工作签证和临时居留卡/临时居留确认。用人单位凭规定的申请表为外国劳动者代为申请工作许可证。工作许可证事先书面申请，应先以电子方式通过http://dvc.vieclamvietnam.gov.vn/.提交，然后向主管劳动部门提交纸质或邮寄方式提交申请。
Except in certain limited cases where a work permit is not required and where sometimes a certificate of exemption or a notification to the labor authority is nonetheless needed, each foreign employee is then required to obtain a work permit in order to work in Vietnam. A foreign national entering Vietnam to work without a valid work permit or work permit exemption (if applicable) may be subject to fines and expelled from Vietnam. Based on the validity of the work permit or work permit exemption, foreign nationals will be granted a work visa and a temporary resident card/temporary resident confirmation. The employer applies for work permits on behalf of the foreign employee with a prescribed application form. Applications for prior written approval for a work permit shall first be submitted electronically at http://dvc.vieclamvietnam.gov.vn/., followed by a physical or postal submission to the competent labor authority.
作者简介/About the Authors
陈韩 Hanh Tran
陈韩是越南DFDL（德辅律师事务所）的合伙人兼联合董事总经理。她与广泛的客户合作，处理单一和多司法管辖区的合并、收购和处置、公司和商业事务以及就业事务。陈韩在可再生能源项目和相关融资安排方面也非常活跃。她拥有帮助项目开发商、贷款人和投资者的丰富经验。陈韩在DFDL越南河内和胡志明市的办公室工作，也曾在柬埔寨执业。她被Chambers Asia Pacific、IFLR、Asialaw 和Legal 500等知名法律目录评为领先律师。
陈韩拥有越南司法学院的律师证书、法国图尔大学的国际商法硕士学位、河内国家大学的法学学士学位以及河内外语学院的外语（法语）学士学位。
Hanh is a Partner and Co-Managing Director of DFDL Vietnam. She works with a broad range of clients on single and multi-jurisdictional mergers, acquisitions and disposals, corporate and commercial matters, and employment. Hanh is also highly active in renewable energy projects and related financing arrangements. She has a wealth of experience helping project developers, lenders, and investors. Hanh spends time in DFDL Vietnam offices in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City and has also practiced in Cambodia. She is ranked as a leading lawyer by renowned legal directories such as Chambers Asia Pacific, IFLR, Asialaw and Legal 500.
Hanh holds a Lawyer Certificate from the Judicial Academy Institute of Vietnam, a master's in International Business Law from the University of Tours, France, a Bachelor in Law from Hanoi National University, and a Bachelor in Foreign Languages (French) from the Hanoi Foreign Language College.
陈明英 Minh Anh Tran
陈明英是一位精通越南法律的合格律师，在DFDL越南河内办公室工作。她毕业于越南外交学院，获得法学学士学位。她在公共采购、公共合同领域为客户提供支持方面拥有丰富经验。她的工作涵盖航空法的各个方面，包括法规合规、合同谈判和解决与运营相关的问题。她还具有反垄断和就业方面的专业知识。陈明英会说英语和越南语。
Minh Anh is a proficient qualifed Vietnamese lawyer working at DFDL's Hanoi office in Vietnam. She graduated from the Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam with a Bachelor of Law degree. She has extensive experience supporting clients in the field of public procurement, public contracts. Her work spans various aspects of aviation law, including regulatory compliance, contract negotiations, and resolving issues related to operations. She also has anti-trust and employment expertise. Minh Anh speaks English and Vietnamese.
徐御衡 Xu Yuheng
徐御衡律师，执业领域为劳动法、企业合规、公司并购及债券发行等商业综合事务。曾为多家大型央企、上市公司提供专项法律咨询及顾问服务。徐御衡律师曾独立完成或参与处理多个针对公司的尽职调查与合规管理项目，债券发行、企业并购等领域专业水平突出。徐御衡律师的工作语言为中文和英文。徐御衡律师2018年毕业于南开大学法学院，取得法学学士学位，2019年毕业于美国圣路易斯华盛顿大学法学院，取得法学硕士学位。
Mr. Xu, practiced in comprehensive commercial affairs such as labor law, corporate compliance, corporate mergers and acquisitions and bond issuance. He has provided legal advice and consulting services for many large state-owned enterprises and listed companies. Mr. Xu has independently completed or participated in a number of due diligence and compliance management projects for companies, and has outstanding expertise in the fields of bond issuance and corporate mergers and acquisitions. Mr. Xu is proficient in Chinese and English. Mr. Xu graduated from Nankai University Law School in 2018 with a bachelor's degree in law, and graduated from Washington University Law School in St. Louis in 2019 with a master's degree in law.
